CovidPublicV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 000148

How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?

Identifieur interne : 000148 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000147; suivant : 000149

How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?

Auteurs : Lidia Morawska [Australie] ; Julian W. Tang [Royaume-Uni] ; William Bahnfleth [États-Unis] ; Philomena M. Bluyssen [Pays-Bas] ; Atze Boerstra [Pays-Bas] ; Giorgio Buonanno [Italie] ; Junji Cao [République populaire de Chine] ; Stephanie Dancer [Royaume-Uni] ; Andres Floto [Royaume-Uni] ; Francesco Franchimon [Pays-Bas] ; Charles Haworth [Royaume-Uni] ; Jaap Hogeling [Pays-Bas] ; Christina Isaxon [Suède] ; Jose L. Jimenez [États-Unis] ; Jarek Kurnitski [Estonie] ; Yuguo Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Marcel Loomans [Pays-Bas] ; Guy Marks [Australie] ; Linsey C. Marr [États-Unis] ; Livio Mazzarella [Italie] ; Arsen Krikor Melikov [Danemark] ; Shelly Miller [États-Unis] ; Donald K. Milton [États-Unis] ; William Nazaroff [États-Unis] ; Peter V. Nielsen [Danemark] ; Catherine Noakes [Royaume-Uni] ; Jordan Peccia [États-Unis] ; Xavier Querol [Espagne] ; Chandra Sekhar [Singapour] ; Olli Sepp Nen [Finlande] ; Shin-Ichi Tanabe [Japon] ; Raymond Tellier [Canada] ; Kwok Wai Tham [Singapour] ; Pawel Wargocki [Danemark] ; Aneta Wierzbicka [Suède] ; Maosheng Yao [République populaire de Chine]

Source :

Environment international [ 1873-6750 ] ; 2020.

RBID : pubmed:32521345

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Aerosols (MeSH), Air Microbiology (MeSH), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), COVID-19 (MeSH), Coronavirus Infections (prevention & control), Coronavirus Infections (transmission), Crowding (MeSH), Disinfection (instrumentation), Filtration (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Inhalation Exposure (MeSH), Pandemics (prevention & control), Pneumonia, Viral (prevention & control), Pneumonia, Viral (transmission), SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH), Ventilation (MeSH).
MESH :
- chemical : Aerosols.
- instrumentation : Disinfection.
- prevention & control : Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral.
- transmission : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- Air Microbiology, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, Crowding, Filtration, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, SARS-CoV-2, Ventilation.

Abstract

During the rapid rise in COVID-19 illnesses and deaths globally, and notwithstanding recommended precautions, questions are voiced about routes of transmission for this pandemic disease. Inhaling small airborne droplets is probable as a third route of infection, in addition to more widely recognized transmission via larger respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected people or contaminated surfaces. While uncertainties remain regarding the relative contributions of the different transmission pathways, we argue that existing evidence is sufficiently strong to warrant engineering controls targeting airborne transmission as part of an overall strategy to limit infection risk indoors. Appropriate building engineering controls include sufficient and effective ventilation, possibly enhanced by particle filtration and air disinfection, avoiding air recirculation and avoiding overcrowding. Often, such measures can be easily implemented and without much cost, but if only they are recognised as significant in contributing to infection control goals. We believe that the use of engineering controls in public buildings, including hospitals, shops, offices, schools, kindergartens, libraries, restaurants, cruise ships, elevators, conference rooms or public transport, in parallel with effective application of other controls (including isolation and quarantine, social distancing and hand hygiene), would be an additional important measure globally to reduce the likelihood of transmission and thereby protect healthcare workers, patients and the general public.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105832
PubMed: 32521345
PubMed Central: PMC7250761

Affiliations:

Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)

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Le document en format XML

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<author><name sortKey="Dancer, Stephanie" sort="Dancer, Stephanie" uniqKey="Dancer S" first="Stephanie" last="Dancer">Stephanie Dancer</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Li, Yuguo" sort="Li, Yuguo" uniqKey="Li Y" first="Yuguo" last="Li">Yuguo Li</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Loomans, Marcel" sort="Loomans, Marcel" uniqKey="Loomans M" first="Marcel" last="Loomans">Marcel Loomans</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Miller, Shelly" sort="Miller, Shelly" uniqKey="Miller S" first="Shelly" last="Miller">Shelly Miller</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Milton, Donald K" sort="Milton, Donald K" uniqKey="Milton D" first="Donald K" last="Milton">Donald K. Milton</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Sepp Nen, Olli" sort="Sepp Nen, Olli" uniqKey="Sepp Nen O" first="Olli" last="Sepp Nen">Olli Sepp Nen</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Tanabe, Shin Ichi" sort="Tanabe, Shin Ichi" uniqKey="Tanabe S" first="Shin-Ichi" last="Tanabe">Shin-Ichi Tanabe</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Wargocki, Pawel" sort="Wargocki, Pawel" uniqKey="Wargocki P" first="Pawel" last="Wargocki">Pawel Wargocki</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Wierzbicka, Aneta" sort="Wierzbicka, Aneta" uniqKey="Wierzbicka A" first="Aneta" last="Wierzbicka">Aneta Wierzbicka</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Yao, Maosheng" sort="Yao, Maosheng" uniqKey="Yao M" first="Maosheng" last="Yao">Maosheng Yao</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing</wicri:regionArea>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?</title>
<author><name sortKey="Morawska, Lidia" sort="Morawska, Lidia" uniqKey="Morawska L" first="Lidia" last="Morawska">Lidia Morawska</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>International Laboratory for Air Quality and Heath (ILAQH), WHO Collaborating Centre for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Electronic address: l.morawska@qut.edu.au.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>International Laboratory for Air Quality and Heath (ILAQH), WHO Collaborating Centre for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Queensland</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tang, Julian W" sort="Tang, Julian W" uniqKey="Tang J" first="Julian W" last="Tang">Julian W. Tang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Leicester</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bahnfleth, William" sort="Bahnfleth, William" uniqKey="Bahnfleth W" first="William" last="Bahnfleth">William Bahnfleth</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Architectural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Architectural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">University Park (Pennsylvanie)</settlement>
<region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'État de Pennsylvanie</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bluyssen, Philomena M" sort="Bluyssen, Philomena M" uniqKey="Bluyssen P" first="Philomena M" last="Bluyssen">Philomena M. Bluyssen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Delft University of Technology</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boerstra, Atze" sort="Boerstra, Atze" uniqKey="Boerstra A" first="Atze" last="Boerstra">Atze Boerstra</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>REHVA (Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations), BBA Binnenmilieu, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>REHVA (Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations), BBA Binnenmilieu</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>BBA Binnenmilieu</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buonanno, Giorgio" sort="Buonanno, Giorgio" uniqKey="Buonanno G" first="Giorgio" last="Buonanno">Giorgio Buonanno</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department if Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department if Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cassino</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cao, Junji" sort="Cao, Junji" uniqKey="Cao J" first="Junji" last="Cao">Junji Cao</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Beijing</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dancer, Stephanie" sort="Dancer, Stephanie" uniqKey="Dancer S" first="Stephanie" last="Dancer">Stephanie Dancer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Edinburgh Napier University and NHS Lanarkshire, Scotland, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Edinburgh Napier University and NHS Lanarkshire, Scotland</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Scotland</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Floto, Andres" sort="Floto, Andres" uniqKey="Floto A" first="Andres" last="Floto">Andres Floto</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Franchimon, Francesco" sort="Franchimon, Francesco" uniqKey="Franchimon F" first="Francesco" last="Franchimon">Francesco Franchimon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Franchimon ICM, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Franchimon ICM</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haworth, Charles" sort="Haworth, Charles" uniqKey="Haworth C" first="Charles" last="Haworth">Charles Haworth</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Cambridge Centre for Lung Infection, Royal Papworth Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cambridge Centre for Lung Infection, Royal Papworth Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hogeling, Jaap" sort="Hogeling, Jaap" uniqKey="Hogeling J" first="Jaap" last="Hogeling">Jaap Hogeling</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>International Standards at ISSO, ISSO International Project, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>International Standards at ISSO, ISSO International Project</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>ISSO International Project</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Isaxon, Christina" sort="Isaxon, Christina" uniqKey="Isaxon C" first="Christina" last="Isaxon">Christina Isaxon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology Lund University, Lund, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology Lund University, Lund</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lund</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jimenez, Jose L" sort="Jimenez, Jose L" uniqKey="Jimenez J" first="Jose L" last="Jimenez">Jose L. Jimenez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Chemistry, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) University of Colorado, Boulder</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Boulder</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kurnitski, Jarek" sort="Kurnitski, Jarek" uniqKey="Kurnitski J" first="Jarek" last="Kurnitski">Jarek Kurnitski</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>REHVA Technology and Research Committee, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>REHVA Technology and Research Committee, Tallinn University of Technology</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tallinn University of Technology</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, Yuguo" sort="Li, Yuguo" uniqKey="Li Y" first="Yuguo" last="Li">Yuguo Li</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Mechancal Engineering, Hong Kong University, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Mechancal Engineering, Hong Kong University, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hong Kong</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Loomans, Marcel" sort="Loomans, Marcel" uniqKey="Loomans M" first="Marcel" last="Loomans">Marcel Loomans</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e)</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e)</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marks, Guy" sort="Marks, Guy" uniqKey="Marks G" first="Guy" last="Marks">Guy Marks</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Air quality Research and evaluation (CAR), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Air quality Research and evaluation (CAR), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>New South Wales</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marr, Linsey C" sort="Marr, Linsey C" uniqKey="Marr L" first="Linsey C" last="Marr">Linsey C. Marr</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Civil and Environmental Engineering, VA Tech, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Civil and Environmental Engineering, VA Tech</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Virginie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mazzarella, Livio" sort="Mazzarella, Livio" uniqKey="Mazzarella L" first="Livio" last="Mazzarella">Livio Mazzarella</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>AiCARR, Politecnico di Milano, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>AiCARR, Politecnico di Milano</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Politecnico di Milano</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Melikov, Arsen Krikor" sort="Melikov, Arsen Krikor" uniqKey="Melikov A" first="Arsen Krikor" last="Melikov">Arsen Krikor Melikov</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Technical University of Denmark</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miller, Shelly" sort="Miller, Shelly" uniqKey="Miller S" first="Shelly" last="Miller">Shelly Miller</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Boulder</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Milton, Donald K" sort="Milton, Donald K" uniqKey="Milton D" first="Donald K" last="Milton">Donald K. Milton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">College Park (Maryland)</settlement>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Maryland</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nazaroff, William" sort="Nazaroff, William" uniqKey="Nazaroff W" first="William" last="Nazaroff">William Nazaroff</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nielsen, Peter V" sort="Nielsen, Peter V" uniqKey="Nielsen P" first="Peter V" last="Nielsen">Peter V. Nielsen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Aalborg</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Jutland du Nord</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Aalborg</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Noakes, Catherine" sort="Noakes, Catherine" uniqKey="Noakes C" first="Catherine" last="Noakes">Catherine Noakes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Leeds</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Yorkshire-et-Humber</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Leeds</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peccia, Jordan" sort="Peccia, Jordan" uniqKey="Peccia J" first="Jordan" last="Peccia">Jordan Peccia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Environmental Engineering, Yale University, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Environmental Engineering, Yale University</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Yale University</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Querol, Xavier" sort="Querol, Xavier" uniqKey="Querol X" first="Xavier" last="Querol">Xavier Querol</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Geosciences, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Geosciences, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sekhar, Chandra" sort="Sekhar, Chandra" uniqKey="Sekhar C" first="Chandra" last="Sekhar">Chandra Sekhar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Building, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Building, National University of Singapore</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sepp Nen, Olli" sort="Sepp Nen, Olli" uniqKey="Sepp Nen O" first="Olli" last="Sepp Nen">Olli Sepp Nen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Aalto University, Finland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aalto University</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tanabe, Shin Ichi" sort="Tanabe, Shin Ichi" uniqKey="Tanabe S" first="Shin-Ichi" last="Tanabe">Shin-Ichi Tanabe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Architectural Institute of Japan, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Architectural Institute of Japan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tellier, Raymond" sort="Tellier, Raymond" uniqKey="Tellier R" first="Raymond" last="Tellier">Raymond Tellier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>McGill University, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>McGill University</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tham, Kwok Wai" sort="Tham, Kwok Wai" uniqKey="Tham K" first="Kwok Wai" last="Tham">Kwok Wai Tham</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Building, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Building, National University of Singapore</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wargocki, Pawel" sort="Wargocki, Pawel" uniqKey="Wargocki P" first="Pawel" last="Wargocki">Pawel Wargocki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Technical University of Denmark</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wierzbicka, Aneta" sort="Wierzbicka, Aneta" uniqKey="Wierzbicka A" first="Aneta" last="Wierzbicka">Aneta Wierzbicka</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lund University</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yao, Maosheng" sort="Yao, Maosheng" uniqKey="Yao M" first="Maosheng" last="Yao">Maosheng Yao</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Pékin</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Environment international</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1873-6750</idno>
<imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Aerosols (MeSH)</term>
<term>Air Microbiology (MeSH)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term>
<term>COVID-19 (MeSH)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (prevention & control)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (transmission)</term>
<term>Crowding (MeSH)</term>
<term>Disinfection (instrumentation)</term>
<term>Filtration (MeSH)</term>
<term>Humans (MeSH)</term>
<term>Inhalation Exposure (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pandemics (prevention & control)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (prevention & control)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (transmission)</term>
<term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term>
<term>Ventilation (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Aérosols (MeSH)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term>
<term>Désinfection (instrumentation)</term>
<term>Exposition par inhalation (MeSH)</term>
<term>Filtration (MeSH)</term>
<term>Humains (MeSH)</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus (prévention et contrôle)</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus (transmission)</term>
<term>Microbiologie de l'air (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pandémies (prévention et contrôle)</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale (prévention et contrôle)</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale (transmission)</term>
<term>Surpeuplement (MeSH)</term>
<term>Ventilation (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" xml:lang="en"><term>Aerosols</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="instrumentation" xml:lang="en"><term>Disinfection</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term>
<term>Pandemics</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prévention et contrôle" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term>
<term>Pandémies</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="transmission" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Air Microbiology</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus</term>
<term>COVID-19</term>
<term>Crowding</term>
<term>Filtration</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Inhalation Exposure</term>
<term>SARS-CoV-2</term>
<term>Ventilation</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Aérosols</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus</term>
<term>Désinfection</term>
<term>Exposition par inhalation</term>
<term>Filtration</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus</term>
<term>Microbiologie de l'air</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale</term>
<term>Surpeuplement</term>
<term>Ventilation</term>
</keywords>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">During the rapid rise in COVID-19 illnesses and deaths globally, and notwithstanding recommended precautions, questions are voiced about routes of transmission for this pandemic disease. Inhaling small airborne droplets is probable as a third route of infection, in addition to more widely recognized transmission via larger respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected people or contaminated surfaces. While uncertainties remain regarding the relative contributions of the different transmission pathways, we argue that existing evidence is sufficiently strong to warrant engineering controls targeting airborne transmission as part of an overall strategy to limit infection risk indoors. Appropriate building engineering controls include sufficient and effective ventilation, possibly enhanced by particle filtration and air disinfection, avoiding air recirculation and avoiding overcrowding. Often, such measures can be easily implemented and without much cost, but if only they are recognised as significant in contributing to infection control goals. We believe that the use of engineering controls in public buildings, including hospitals, shops, offices, schools, kindergartens, libraries, restaurants, cruise ships, elevators, conference rooms or public transport, in parallel with effective application of other controls (including isolation and quarantine, social distancing and hand hygiene), would be an additional important measure globally to reduce the likelihood of transmission and thereby protect healthcare workers, patients and the general public.</div>
</front>
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<pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" IndexingMethod="Curated" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32521345</PMID>
<DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>07</Month>
<Day>08</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>12</Month>
<Day>10</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1873-6750</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>142</Volume>
<PubDate><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>09</Month>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>Environment international</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Environ Int</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination><MedlinePgn>105832</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0160-4120(20)31787-6</ELocationID>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.envint.2020.105832</ELocationID>
<Abstract><AbstractText>During the rapid rise in COVID-19 illnesses and deaths globally, and notwithstanding recommended precautions, questions are voiced about routes of transmission for this pandemic disease. Inhaling small airborne droplets is probable as a third route of infection, in addition to more widely recognized transmission via larger respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected people or contaminated surfaces. While uncertainties remain regarding the relative contributions of the different transmission pathways, we argue that existing evidence is sufficiently strong to warrant engineering controls targeting airborne transmission as part of an overall strategy to limit infection risk indoors. Appropriate building engineering controls include sufficient and effective ventilation, possibly enhanced by particle filtration and air disinfection, avoiding air recirculation and avoiding overcrowding. Often, such measures can be easily implemented and without much cost, but if only they are recognised as significant in contributing to infection control goals. We believe that the use of engineering controls in public buildings, including hospitals, shops, offices, schools, kindergartens, libraries, restaurants, cruise ships, elevators, conference rooms or public transport, in parallel with effective application of other controls (including isolation and quarantine, social distancing and hand hygiene), would be an additional important measure globally to reduce the likelihood of transmission and thereby protect healthcare workers, patients and the general public.</AbstractText>
<CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Morawska</LastName>
<ForeName>Lidia</ForeName>
<Initials>L</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>International Laboratory for Air Quality and Heath (ILAQH), WHO Collaborating Centre for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Electronic address: l.morawska@qut.edu.au.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tang</LastName>
<ForeName>Julian W</ForeName>
<Initials>JW</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bahnfleth</LastName>
<ForeName>William</ForeName>
<Initials>W</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Architectural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bluyssen</LastName>
<ForeName>Philomena M</ForeName>
<Initials>PM</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Boerstra</LastName>
<ForeName>Atze</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>REHVA (Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations), BBA Binnenmilieu, the Netherlands.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Buonanno</LastName>
<ForeName>Giorgio</ForeName>
<Initials>G</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department if Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cao</LastName>
<ForeName>Junji</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Beijing, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dancer</LastName>
<ForeName>Stephanie</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Edinburgh Napier University and NHS Lanarkshire, Scotland, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Floto</LastName>
<ForeName>Andres</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<ForeName>Francesco</ForeName>
<Initials>F</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Franchimon ICM, the Netherlands.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Haworth</LastName>
<ForeName>Charles</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cambridge Centre for Lung Infection, Royal Papworth Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hogeling</LastName>
<ForeName>Jaap</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>International Standards at ISSO, ISSO International Project, the Netherlands.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Isaxon</LastName>
<ForeName>Christina</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology Lund University, Lund, Sweden.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jimenez</LastName>
<ForeName>Jose L</ForeName>
<Initials>JL</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Chemistry, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kurnitski</LastName>
<ForeName>Jarek</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>REHVA Technology and Research Committee, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName>
<ForeName>Yuguo</ForeName>
<Initials>Y</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Mechancal Engineering, Hong Kong University, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Loomans</LastName>
<ForeName>Marcel</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), the Netherlands.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Marks</LastName>
<ForeName>Guy</ForeName>
<Initials>G</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Air quality Research and evaluation (CAR), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Marr</LastName>
<ForeName>Linsey C</ForeName>
<Initials>LC</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Civil and Environmental Engineering, VA Tech, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mazzarella</LastName>
<ForeName>Livio</ForeName>
<Initials>L</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>AiCARR, Politecnico di Milano, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Melikov</LastName>
<ForeName>Arsen Krikor</ForeName>
<Initials>AK</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Miller</LastName>
<ForeName>Shelly</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Milton</LastName>
<ForeName>Donald K</ForeName>
<Initials>DK</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nazaroff</LastName>
<ForeName>William</ForeName>
<Initials>W</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nielsen</LastName>
<ForeName>Peter V</ForeName>
<Initials>PV</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University, Denmark.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Noakes</LastName>
<ForeName>Catherine</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Peccia</LastName>
<ForeName>Jordan</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Environmental Engineering, Yale University, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Querol</LastName>
<ForeName>Xavier</ForeName>
<Initials>X</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Geosciences, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sekhar</LastName>
<ForeName>Chandra</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Building, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Seppänen</LastName>
<ForeName>Olli</ForeName>
<Initials>O</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Aalto University, Finland.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tanabe</LastName>
<ForeName>Shin-Ichi</ForeName>
<Initials>SI</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Architectural Institute of Japan, Japan.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tellier</LastName>
<ForeName>Raymond</ForeName>
<Initials>R</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>McGill University, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tham</LastName>
<ForeName>Kwok Wai</ForeName>
<Initials>KW</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Building, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wargocki</LastName>
<ForeName>Pawel</ForeName>
<Initials>P</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wierzbicka</LastName>
<ForeName>Aneta</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Sweden.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yao</LastName>
<ForeName>Maosheng</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<Language>eng</Language>
<PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016422">Letter</PublicationType>
</PublicationTypeList>
<ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>05</Month>
<Day>27</Day>
</ArticleDate>
</Article>
<MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Netherlands</Country>
<MedlineTA>Environ Int</MedlineTA>
<NlmUniqueID>7807270</NlmUniqueID>
<ISSNLinking>0160-4120</ISSNLinking>
</MedlineJournalInfo>
<ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D000336">Aerosols</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
</ChemicalList>
<SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Disease" UI="C000657245">COVID-19</SupplMeshName>
<SupplMeshName Type="Organism" UI="C000656484">severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</SupplMeshName>
</SupplMeshList>
<CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
<MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000336" MajorTopicYN="N">Aerosols</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000391" MajorTopicYN="Y">Air Microbiology</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="N">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="Y">prevention & control</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000635" MajorTopicYN="Y">transmission</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003441" MajorTopicYN="N">Crowding</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004203" MajorTopicYN="N">Disinfection</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000295" MajorTopicYN="N">instrumentation</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005374" MajorTopicYN="N">Filtration</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019570" MajorTopicYN="N">Inhalation Exposure</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="Y">prevention & control</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011024" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Viral</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="Y">prevention & control</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000635" MajorTopicYN="Y">transmission</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014691" MajorTopicYN="N">Ventilation</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
</MeshHeadingList>
<CoiStatement>Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.</CoiStatement>
</MedlineCitation>
<PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>04</Month>
<Day>22</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>05</Month>
<Day>21</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>05</Month>
<Day>21</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>6</Month>
<Day>11</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
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<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>7</Month>
<Day>9</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
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<Month>6</Month>
<Day>11</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
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<ArticleId IdType="pii">S0160-4120(20)31787-6</ArticleId>
<ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.envint.2020.105832</ArticleId>
<ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7250761</ArticleId>
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<li>Canada</li>
<li>Danemark</li>
<li>Espagne</li>
<li>Estonie</li>
<li>Finlande</li>
<li>Italie</li>
<li>Japon</li>
<li>Pays-Bas</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>République populaire de Chine</li>
<li>Singapour</li>
<li>Suède</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
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<li>Maryland</li>
<li>Pennsylvanie</li>
<li>Virginie</li>
<li>Yorkshire-et-Humber</li>
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<settlement><li>Aalborg</li>
<li>Barcelone</li>
<li>Cambridge</li>
<li>College Park (Maryland)</li>
<li>Leeds</li>
<li>Pékin</li>
<li>University Park (Pennsylvanie)</li>
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<orgName><li>Université d'Aalborg</li>
<li>Université d'État de Pennsylvanie</li>
<li>Université de Cambridge</li>
<li>Université de Leeds</li>
<li>Université de Pékin</li>
<li>Université du Maryland</li>
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<name sortKey="Miller, Shelly" sort="Miller, Shelly" uniqKey="Miller S" first="Shelly" last="Miller">Shelly Miller</name>
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<country name="Estonie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kurnitski, Jarek" sort="Kurnitski, Jarek" uniqKey="Kurnitski J" first="Jarek" last="Kurnitski">Jarek Kurnitski</name>
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</noRegion>
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</region>
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</noRegion>
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<country name="Finlande"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sepp Nen, Olli" sort="Sepp Nen, Olli" uniqKey="Sepp Nen O" first="Olli" last="Sepp Nen">Olli Sepp Nen</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Japon"><noRegion><name sortKey="Tanabe, Shin Ichi" sort="Tanabe, Shin Ichi" uniqKey="Tanabe S" first="Shin-Ichi" last="Tanabe">Shin-Ichi Tanabe</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Tellier, Raymond" sort="Tellier, Raymond" uniqKey="Tellier R" first="Raymond" last="Tellier">Raymond Tellier</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
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How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?

How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?

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